A Minimax-Based Review of Lead Removal from Wastewater: Current Technologies and Future Perspectives
Keywords:
Heavy metal, Pollution, Environment, Health, Lead removal strategiesAbstract
Lead (Pb) contamination in wastewater is a pervasive global concern, with concentrations varying widely (e.g., <0.001 to 990 mg/L), its effective removal is crucial for environmental and public health. This review highlights that lead is a common toxic metal pollutant from industrial waste and batteries, occurs naturally at low levels which is increased by global production from manufacturing (e.g., automobiles, mobile phone batteries) that led to widespread soil, water, and air pollution and impact the ecosystems and wildlife. To mitigate these risks, various physical (e.g., membrane separation, adsorption), chemical (e.g., precipitation, ion-exchange), and biological (e.g., biosorption, bioremediation) techniques have been successfully employed for lead removal from wastewater. Furthermore, this review focusing on the adverse impacts of lead pollution and sustainable remediation strategies for lead-associated waste.
Downloads
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
